Predlozi (Prepositions)

     Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence (obično se koriste ispred imenice ili zamenice i pokazuju nam odnos među njima, kao i među nekim drugim rečima u rečenici.)
     – Her bag was under the chair.
     – They arrived on Sunday.

     Predlozi se mogu podeliti na:

a)            simple (proste)

b)      complex (složene)

c)      coalescent (dobijene od složenih)

d)      words having the form of participles (u obliku participa)

    

     Prosti predlozi

     Sastoje se od jedne reči a najčešći su: at, by, down, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, over, through, till, to, up, with, etc.

     Primeri:

He spoke to me.

I received the flower from him.

He went out through the window.

He looked so funny with a hat on his head.

    

     Složeni predlozi

     Grupa reči koja čini jednu celinu. Najčešći su: according to, ahead of, alongside of, along with,  apart from, because of, contrary to, due to,  instead of, in spite of, in front of, except for, instead of, prior to, regardless of.

      Primer:

The teacher stood in front of the classroom.

      Koalescentni predlozi

      Mnoge proste forme su se razvile od složenih formi predloga.

      Na primer:

with + in → within,

by + side → beside

      U ove predloge spadaju: abroad, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, before, behind, beneath, beside(s), between, beyound, despite, except, inside, into, onto, outside, since, throughout, toward(s), under, underneath, until, upon, within, without, etc.

      Reči u obliku participa

      To su reči kao: concerning, regarding etc.

      Na primer:

They said nothing concerning us.

What did he say regarding my proposal?

     Semantička kvalifikacija

     Predlozi mogu biti upotrebljeni da iskažu široku semantičku relaciju izmedju njihovih komplemenata i ostatka konteksta rečenice.

     Sledeća lista nije iscrpljujuća kvalifikacija:

- spatial relations (prostorna relacija),

- location (lokacija),

- direction (pravac),

- temporal relations (vremenska relacija),

- comparison (poredjenje),

- content (sastav),

- agent (razlog),

- instrument (instrument),

- means (značenje),

- manner (način),

- cause (uzrok),

- purpose (razlog),

- reference (napomena).

      Jedna od glavnih funkcija predloga jeste da prave frazu sa imenicom ili zamenicom koju prate.

      Ta fraza se obično koristi na dva načina:

1)      kao adverbijalna (adverbial)

I looked through the window. (pravac)

He worked on the farm during the holidays. (mesto+ vreme)

He spoke in a loud voice. (način)

- Predloške fraze pomažu da se pokaže mesto, vreme, način, razlog, rezultat, uslov itd.

2)      kao pridevska, bliže odredjujući imenicu. Može biti korištena:

a) predicatski

The country is at war.

The lecture was beyond me.

b) attributski

A girl with red hair was serving lunch.

He is a person of great talent.

Predlozi za vreme:    on, in, at, since, for, ago, before, to, pass, until

Predlozi za mesto: in, at, on, next to, under, below, over, above, across, through, into, to, towards

Drugi: by, at, about